Cuándo usar Since, For, Ago: ¿Cuáles son las diferencias?

¿Has confundido alguna vez For y Since, y no has sabido utilizar Ago? Aquí tienes una pequeña explicación para mostrarte las diferencias y ayudarte a ver las cosas más claras.

For y Since

For y Since se traducen ambos como desde. Casi siempre se utilizan con el presente perfecto (o el presente perfecto progresivo).

I haven’t called her for 5 weeks. - No la he llamado desde hace 5 semanas.

I haven’t called her since last may. - No la he llamado desde el pasado mes de mayo.

Después de For ⇒ pon una duración.
Después de Since ⇒ se pone un punto de partida, o una fecha concreta.
Esta es la principal diferencia que hay que recordar entre estas dos palabras.

Ejemplos:

For 25 years
For 7 months
For five hours
For a long time

Since her birthday
Since 2010
Since last year
Since yesterday

Recuerda:

For + duration
Since + punto de partida

Nota: Tiene sentido utilizar el presente perfecto (o el presente perfecto progresivo), en lugar de otro tiempo. En efecto, se utiliza cuando se habla de una acción pasada que está vinculada al presente. Cuando se utiliza la palabra "desde", se suele hablar de algo que sigue vigente.

Ago

Si quieres hablar de una acción pasada, en el pasado, debes decir "hace" en su lugar:

"Conocí a Pablo hace cinco años". Se trata de un suceso concreto que ocurrió hace cinco años.

Así que usamos AGO en inglés:

I met Pablo 5 years ago.

Ago se utiliza siempre junto a un marcador de tiempo. Significa "hace" y se coloca después del marcador de tiempo.

I sent you an email five weeks ago. - Te envié un correo electrónico hace cinco semanas.
I was a police ages ago. - Fui policía hace años.
I finished this film three hours ago! - ¡He terminado esta película hace tres horas!

Ago se utiliza siempre en pretérito.

*** Para los ejercicios de inglés que te piden que elijas entre pretérito y presente perfecto, ya sabes que si ves for o since, debes elegir presente perfecto, y si ves ago, debes poner pretérito.

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Conditionals in English - El condicional en Inglés

Gramática Inglesa - English Grammar - Recursos Educativos en inglés

 El condicional se expresa utilizando el modal 'would' seguido de la base verbal (el infinitivo sin 'to'). El condicional se utiliza principalmente en tres contextos:

Para indicar cortesía:

I would like the book, please.

Would you have a couple of minutes for me?

Para expresar el "futuro del pasado":

She said she would come to the cinema.

I thought he would arrive before me.

En las construcciones hipotéticas con "si".

Cuando "si" va seguido del pretérito o del subjuntivo, el condicional se espera en la segunda cláusula:

 If I had the time, I would do my homework.

If you told me the truth, I would believe you.

El "si" de la frase hipotética puede ser implícito:

En tu lugar (= sif I were you), I wouldn't stay here.

Cuidado, el verbo en la estructura hipotética (Si...) es un pretérito modal. Usamos WERE y no WAS: If I were you... para enfatizar lo irreal.

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• Adjetivos y pronombres demostrativos en Inglés
• Pronombres Posesivos en inglés - Possessive Pronouns
• Adjetivos Posesivos en Inglés - Possessive adjectives
• ¿Cómo aprender inglés fácil y desde casa?
• Plural de los sustantivos en inglés
• Many more, a lot more y Much more. Usos en inglés
• ¿Qué son los phrasal verbs en inglés? Los más usados
• Cómo expresar opiniones en inglés
• Uso de whose en inglés - Pronombres relativos
• Who, which y that - Pronombres Relativos en inglés
• Was going to - El futuro en el pasado
• DO y MAKE en inglés ¿Cuáles son las diferencias?
• Cuándo usar Since, For, Ago: ¿Cuáles son las diferencias?
• The Gerund - El gerundio en inglés
• El Imperativo en Inglés - Imperative
• El comparativo y el superlativo en inglés
• Preguntas con WH-Questions 01 - What, where, why, who
• Preguntas con WH-Questions 02 - When, Which, Whose, How
• Cómo expresar cantidades en inglés
• Adjectives - Los Adjetivos en Inglés
• Uso de some / any acompañando nombres contables/incontables
• Modal verbs - Verbos modales en inglés
• El tiempo futuro en inglés
• Present Perfect Progressive - Presente perfecto progresivo
• Present perfect - El presente perfecto inglés
• Pretérito progresivo o continuo en inglés
• Simple past - El pretérito o pasado simple en inglés
• Presente continuo - Forma Afirmativa - English grammar
• Presente continuo - Forma Negativa
• Puntuación en inglés - All about punctuation in English
• Los verbos Auxiliares en inglés - Auxiliary Verbs
• Verbos irregulares en inglés, la lista que debes conocer
• Cómo decir la fecha en inglés - How to say the date in English
• Construir frases simples - To build a simple sentence
• Nombres contables e incontables en inglés
• Presente continuo - Forma Interrogativa
• Cómo Preguntar y decir el precio en inglés

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World Car-Free Day - 22 September

22 September is World Car Free Day, an event that aims to promote ecological awareness among the world's citizens, contributing to the care of people's health and the environment.

Car use makes our lives easier by allowing us to travel comfortably from one place to another, but the increase in the number of vehicles circulating in large cities significantly increases their carbon footprint, causing irreparable damage to the ozone layer.

How did World Car Free Day originate?

The origin of this world day dates back to 1973, when several European countries saw their oil and therefore fuel reserves limited because the Arab countries allied in the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) suspended the sale of oil to the countries that supported Israel during the Yom Kippur war.

Thus, some alternatives to reduce the use of vehicles began to emerge, such as the rationing of petrol, as well as the promotion of the use of more efficient means of transport.

In October 1994, a number of cities around the world began to implement Car Free Day. The pioneers were Reykjavik (Iceland), La Rochelle (France) and Bath (UK).

Great Britain became the first country to adopt this initiative on a national level in 1997. As early as 2000, the European Commission declared 22 September as World Car Free Day, extending the activities associated with the celebration for a whole week, known as European Mobility Week.

Why is it advisable not to use the car?

The reason for proclaiming a World Car Free Day was mainly focused on raising awareness of the real use that should be made of this means of transport.

Generally, people tend to travel comfortably in their cars even for short distances, increasing traffic, chaos and air pollution.

Road traffic contributes to the emission of highly harmful gases and particles generated by the internal combustion engines of vehicles, such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxides (NOx).

On the other hand, the continuous use of vehicles implies a fixed cost that affects household income: petrol, parking, preventive and corrective maintenance, insurance payments and taxes.

Cars not only generate more environmental and noise pollution. They also contribute to an increase in traffic accidents and loss of life.

They also encourage people to be sedentary by not walking to get around, causing consequences in the body, such as morbid obesity.

The initiative to create this World Walking Day allows us to reconnect with our bodies and the environment. It also promotes the various transport and mobility alternatives, such as the underground train system (metro), the use of bicycles, skateboards, rollerblades and, why not, simply walking.

Share useful and interesting information on social media about World Carfree Day, using the hashtag #worldcarfreeday

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10 activities to do with your children in autumn

Autumn is the third season of the year after summer and just before winter. Recursos Educativos y actividades en inglés Otoño - Activities Autumn 🍂🍁🍄

With autumn comes rain, wind and therefore mushrooms! Children especially like the colours of the trees, which go from red to orange and yellow.

1. Playing in the leaves

In autumn, children especially love to play in the leaves and collect them in large quantities to fight with friends, draw mazes on the ground or make piles to throw themselves into.
Let them take advantage of this season so that they can run and be in the wild.

2. Making an herbarium

Autumn is also an opportunity to teach children to recognize trees. Suggest that they make a pretty herbarium of tree leaves.
Remember to dry your leaves and flowers well in a newspaper under a large book before sticking them in your herbarium.

3. Playing in puddles

Children love water and when it rains, they have the ability to turn it into a fun activity like jumping into puddles.
So don't resist any longer: equip your children warmly, bring boots and good trousers and off you go to jump from puddle to puddle.

4. Making nesting boxes

From the very first frost, the little birds encounter some difficulties in finding food, which always saddens the children.
Suggest that they make a pretty nesting box or decorate one. They will be doing a good deed and may get a chance to observe the birds more closely.

Choose a nesting box and a suitable place (away from cats), at a reasonable distance from a small water point and add some seeds to attract them.

5. Going to the cinema

When the weather is too bad, go to the darkened rooms for a family or friends movie session for the older children.

With autumn comes an anthology of films and you will be spoilt for choice when it comes to animated films.

6. Walking in the forest

Away from the screens and the stress of the week, take advantage of the weekends and days off to head off to the forest with your family.
Observe the mushrooms, collect nature's treasures and leaves to add to your herbarium, run and take pretty pictures. Quite a programme!
And we can only advise you to vary the walks and, if you can, go to the sea, which also has all its charm in autumn.

7. Preparing for Halloween

When autumn sets in, it also means that the Halloween party is not far away. Whether you are for or against this festival, whether you decide to participate in the distribution of sweets or not, Halloween remains a time of the year when children's imaginations are particularly solicited.

8. Playing games with the family

Is it raining, is it windy? How would you like to spend Sunday playing board games with your family?
Children love these relaxing times where we all play and have fun together. It keeps them away from the screens and builds nice family memories.

9. Making cakes

In autumn, we spend less time outdoors and much more at home. Cooking is the star activity for children.
They love mixing, tasting, putting it everywhere, seeing a cake take shape through the oven window and above all tasting it. Fascinating steps to be carried out as a family!

10. Preparing the Advent calendar

It is possible to have as a project in autumn to prepare the Advent calendar which the children will be able to discover on a day-to-day basis. What a delight!

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In the Ribera of Oka - Children's tales of peace

Recursos Educativos en Inglés - Stories in English

Cuentos en inglés sobre la paz - Peace Stories

In The Ribera Of Oka - Stories for children peace day

On the banks of the Oka many peasants lived happily; the land was not fertile, but if tilled steadily, it produced enough to live on, and there was still enough to keep a little in reserve.

Ivan, one of the farmers, was once at the fair in Tula and bought a beautiful pair of hounds to guard his house. The little animals soon became known all over the fields of the Oka valley for their constant raids, in which they would wreak havoc on the crops; sheep and calves did not usually fare well.

Ivan's neighbour Nicolai bought another pair of dogs at the first fair in Tula to defend his house, fields and land.

But as each peasant increased the number of dogs to better defend himself, the dogs became more demanding. They were no longer content with the bones and other leftovers from the house, but had to be reserved for the best parts of the slaughter, and covered enclosures had to be built for them and more time had to be devoted to their care.

At first, the new keepers quarrelled with the old ones, but they soon became friends and the four of them went on the rounds together.

The other neighbours, when they saw the danger increase, also got hounds, and so, after a few years, each farmer owned a pack of ten or fifteen dogs. As soon as it got dark, at the slightest noise, the hounds would run furiously and make such a racket that it seemed as if an army of bandits were about to attack the house. The frightened masters locked their doors and said:

- My God, what would become of us without these brave hounds who self-sacrificingly defend our houses?

In the meantime, misery had settled in the village; the children, covered in rags, grew pale with cold and hunger, and the men, no matter how hard they worked from morning till night, could not find enough food for their families. One day, they complained about their fate to the oldest and wisest man in the place, and as they blamed it on heaven, the old man said to them:

- It is you who are to blame; you lament that your house lacks bread for your children, who languish thin and faded, and I see that you all keep dozens of fat and lustrous dogs.

- They are the defenders of our homes," exclaimed the husbandmen.

- Defenders? of whom do they defend you?

- Sir, if it were not for them, the strange dogs would wipe out our cattle and even ourselves.

- Blind, blind! -Do you not understand that the dogs defend each one of you from the dogs of others, and that if no one had dogs you would not need defenders who eat all the bread that should feed your children? Suppress the hounds, and peace and plenty will return to your homes.

And following the old man's advice, they got rid of their defenders, and a year later their granaries and larders were not enough to contain their provisions, and on the faces of their children smiled health and prosperity.

León Tolstoi

♦ Canciones día de la Paz en Inglés - Songs Peace's Day

♦ The Seven Coloured Knights - Diversity and Tolerance

♦ Seeking Peace - Children's tales of peace

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Recipe for making Oreo Milkshake

Cooking recipes - How to Oreo Milkshake?

Ingredients:

For the shake

• 6 Oreo biscuits
• 1 1/4 cup milk
• Vanilla ice cream

For the chocolate syrup

• 1 cup (250 ml) water
• 1/2 cup (100 g) sugar
• 1/2 cup (160 g) corn syrup or agave nectar
• 3/4 cup (75 g) unsweetened cocoa powder
• 55 g finely chopped bittersweet or semisweet chocolate

To decorate

• Liquid whipping cream or whipped cream

Steps for making Oreo Milkshake:

1. In a medium saucepan, combine the water, sugar, syrup and cocoa powder.
2. Bring to the boil over medium heat.
3. When it starts to boil, remove from the heat and stir in the chopped chocolate until it melts.
4. Leave the syrup to stand for a couple of hours in the fridge before serving to give it time to thicken.
5. Spread homemade chocolate syrup on the sides of the glass in which you will pour the milkshake.
6. Crush the 6 Oreos in a plastic bag with the base of a glass, or use a food processor.
7. Place the crushed Oreos, milk and 2 scoops of vanilla ice cream (about 3/4 cup) in a blender or mixer.
8. Blend until well combined and frothy.
9. Pour the smoothie into prepared glasses.
10. This Oreo milkshake is delicious as is, but if you add whipped cream it will take you to another dimension, promise! Top it with chocolate syrup and an Oreo biscuit and you have the perfect Oreo shake.

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Cómo usar Must y should - Diferencias

Gramática Inglesa - English Grammar - Recursos Educativos en inglés

Should y must son modales que se utilizan para expresar la noción de deber u obligación, pero en diferentes grados.

En resumen, must expresa obligación, mientras que should expresa la idea "debería", que es menos fuerte que la obligación.

Must: expresa obligación o prohibición

Si yo digo:

You must work if you want to succeed. Esto significa que debes trabajar, estás obligado a hacerlo, si quieres tener éxito.

Esto es más fuerte que si hubiera dicho "You should work if you want to succeed." En este caso, la idea es más bien que "debes trabajar si quieres tener éxito". Es más bien un consejo, una sugerencia.

Should: Expresión de un consejo, una recomendación

Tomemos un segundo ejemplo, con el must, y luego con el should:

You must eat now. Debes comer ahora. Es una obligación, debes hacerlo.

Según el contexto, es una orden, o una situación en la que es muy importante comer inmediatamente.

Por otro lado, si tomo la misma frase con should, se da:

You should eat now. En este caso, estoy diciendo que "deberías comer ahora". Es un consejo que te doy, una recomendación. No es tan fuerte como con con must.

Forma negativa - Mustn’t, o must not

Must en la forma negativa se escribe must not o mustn't. Ambos significan lo mismo.

Expresan exactamente lo contrario del must: es decir, la prohibición.

Pongamos un ejemplo:

You mustn’t walk on the carpet. No debes pisar la alfombra. Lo que significa que debes mantenerte alejado de la alfombra.

Forma negativa - Shouldn’t o should not

Should en la forma negativa se escribe should not o should't. Expresa una crítica o sugerencia más bien negativa. Significa "no debes...".

Tomemos el mismo ejemplo:

You shouldn’t walk on the carpet. No deberías pisar la alfombra. Te estoy dando el consejo, te estoy diciendo que no debes caminar sobre ella. También en este caso, no es tan fuerte como el mustn't.

Otro uso de MUST

También podemos utilizar must para traducir algo de lo que estamos bastante seguros. Por ejemplo, digamos que no tengo reloj, pero estoy seguro de que son las diez. Puedo decir: It must be around 10 o’clock now. Deben ser alrededor de las 10 en punto.

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• Cómo usar Can y Could - Verbos modales
• Cómo preguntar y expresar la posesión en inglés
• Cómo usar May y might - Verbos modales
• Conditionals in English - El condicional en Inglés
• Adjetivos y pronombres demostrativos en Inglés
• Pronombres Posesivos en inglés - Possessive Pronouns
• Adjetivos Posesivos en Inglés - Possessive adjectives
• ¿Cómo aprender inglés fácil y desde casa?
• Plural de los sustantivos en inglés
• Many more, a lot more y Much more. Usos en inglés
• ¿Qué son los phrasal verbs en inglés? Los más usados
• Cómo expresar opiniones en inglés
• Uso de whose en inglés - Pronombres relativos
• Who, which y that - Pronombres Relativos en inglés
• Was going to - El futuro en el pasado
• DO y MAKE en inglés ¿Cuáles son las diferencias?
• Cuándo usar Since, For, Ago: ¿Cuáles son las diferencias?
• The Gerund - El gerundio en inglés
• El Imperativo en Inglés - Imperative
• El comparativo y el superlativo en inglés
• Preguntas con WH-Questions 01 - What, where, why, who
• Preguntas con WH-Questions 02 - When, Which, Whose, How
• Cómo expresar cantidades en inglés
• Adjectives - Los Adjetivos en Inglés
• Uso de some / any acompañando nombres contables/incontables
• Modal verbs - Verbos modales en inglés
• El tiempo futuro en inglés
• Present Perfect Progressive - Presente perfecto progresivo
• Present perfect - El presente perfecto inglés
• Pretérito progresivo o continuo en inglés
• Simple past - El pretérito o pasado simple en inglés
• Presente continuo - Forma Afirmativa - English grammar
• Presente continuo - Forma Negativa
• Puntuación en inglés - All about punctuation in English
• Los verbos Auxiliares en inglés - Auxiliary Verbs
• Verbos irregulares en inglés, la lista que debes conocer
• Cómo decir la fecha en inglés - How to say the date in English
• Construir frases simples - To build a simple sentence
• Nombres contables e incontables en inglés
• Presente continuo - Forma Interrogativa
• Cómo Preguntar y decir el precio en inglés

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Chocolate, caramel and graham cracker bark recipe

Cooking recipes - Desserts - How to make Chocolate, caramel and graham cracker bark?

Ingredients :

• 24 graham crackers
• 3/4 cup packed brown sugar
• 1/3 cup butter
• 3 tablespoons corn syrup
• 1/4 teaspoon salt
• 1/4 teaspoon baking soda
• 1 bag (300 g) milk chocolate chips

Preparation :

Toppings of your choice (pretzels, chocolate candy, peanuts, almonds, unsweetened shredded, coconut, mini marshmallows, etc.)

Line a large rimmed baking sheet (10" x 14"/25 cm x 35 cm) with parchment paper. Cover the bottom with graham crackers. Set aside.

In a small heavy-bottomed saucepan, combine brown sugar, butter, corn syrup and salt and bring to a boil. Turn off heat and let cool, stirring, for 2 minutes. Remove from heat. Add baking soda and mix well.

Spread the hot caramel over the reserved graham crackers. Bake in preheated 325°F (160°C) oven for 10 minutes. Immediately sprinkle chocolate chips to completely cover pan and allow to melt for 5 minutes. Using a spatula, smooth the chocolate over the biscuits. Sprinkle with candy and refrigerate for 1 hour. Unmould by lifting off the parchment paper and break into pieces.

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Chocolate, marshmallow and strawberry bites recipe

Cooking recipes - Desserts - How to make Chocolate, marshmallow and strawberry bites?

Ingredients :

• 1/2 cup unsalted butter, softened
• 1/3 cup sugar
• 1 egg
• 1 teaspoon vanilla
• 1 cup of flour
• 1/3 cup cocoa powder
• 1/4 teaspoon baking soda
• 1/4 teaspoon salt
• 1/4 cup strawberry jam
• 24 marshmallows, cut in half lengthwise
• 2 oz. bittersweet chocolate, coarsely chopped
• 2 oz milk chocolate, coarsely chopped
• 1 teaspoon vegetable oil

Preparation :

In a large bowl, using an electric mixer, beat butter with sugar until creamy. Beat in egg and vanilla. In a separate bowl, combine flour, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt. Add the dry ingredients to the butter mixture and mix until the dough holds together. Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and refrigerate for 30 minutes.

Press dough evenly into 3/4-inch (2 cm) deep mini tart pans, using about 1 heaping teaspoon (about 10 mL) at a time. Refrigerate for 20 minutes. Prick bottom of crusts twice with a fork. Bake in preheated 350°F (180°C) oven for about 10 minutes or until lightly browned around the edges.

Immediately spread 1/4 tsp (1 mL) jam in each crust and top with a marshmallow half, cut side down. Continue baking in oven for about 2 minutes or until marshmallow is slightly melted (do not let brown). Place the bites on a rack. While the bites are hot, lightly press the marshmallows into the crusts to make them stick. Allow to cool for 5 minutes. Turn out onto the rack and let cool completely.

In a small heatproof bowl set over a pan of hot but not boiling water, melt the bittersweet chocolate and milk chocolate with the oil, stirring occasionally. Remove the pan from the heat. Dip the tops of the bites into the melted chocolate so that the marshmallows are well coated. Place the bites on the rack and let stand for 30 minutes or until the chocolate has hardened. (You can prepare the bites in advance and place them side by side in an airtight container. They will keep for up to 2 days at room temperature).

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How do you deal with disappointment in love?

Disappointment in love

Disappointment in love, whether it is caused by a break-up, infidelity, betrayal or one-sided love, is always painful. When they are repeated, the consequences for the person experiencing them can be destructive. Tired of being disappointed in love? Wondering why it always happens to you? Here are some tips to help you avoid further romantic disappointments.

Repeated disappointments in love: what consequences?

We speak of disappointment in love when we suffer a heavy disillusionment from the person we love. Break-up, betrayal, unrequited love, adultery... The causes of disappointments in love are multiple. But the consequences are often the same: suffering and the impression of having been duped. When disappointments in love are repeated, self-confidence and self-esteem take a hit. The future of love for people who have experienced repeated disappointments in love is then fragile because their vision of love has been damaged.

Why does the same pattern keep repeating itself?

Some disappointments in love are inevitable. They are beneficial in the sense that they teach us more about love and about ourselves. On the other hand, when they are almost systematic, it is problematic because they weaken us. Rather than moping around saying that you'll never have a chance at love, try to understand why you keep repeating the same patterns. There are several reasons for repeated disappointments in love:

1. You idealise the other person too much, right from the start of the relationship. It is normal to idealise your partner and your relationship in the beginning. But be careful, keep your feet on the ground. Keep in mind that in a relationship there are ups and downs and that the other person is not perfect. The more you idealise, the harder the fall will be in case of conflict, or even break-up.
2. You are looking for what you have always known in love. The fact that you have had many disappointments in love can be linked to your childhood. If as a child you were used to complicated or even toxic family relationships, there is a risk that you will look for similar characteristics in your partner to the people who loved you from the beginning of your life. Our unconscious mind pushes us to go towards what we know. If you have not experienced healthy relationships in the past, you will not go to the right people because you do not know that it is possible to love and be loved differently.

How to avoid disappointment in love?

Fortunately, it is possible to recover from a disappointment in love but also to protect yourself for the future.

By having self-confidence

It is normal to have doubts about yourself after a disappointment in love, but the pain should not overwhelm you for too long. Once you have gone through the mourning phase, it is important to do everything you can to avoid further disappointments. How can you do this? By regaining your self-confidence! Self-confidence and self-esteem are two essential elements in maintaining healthy relationships. You know what you want and what you don't want in a relationship. Also, you are able to spot potentially toxic people and run away from them. Because toxic personalities most often prey on people with low self-esteem. After a disappointment in love, take the time to think about what you need to develop yourself, highlight your best assets, go out to meet new people without necessarily thinking about getting back together as soon as possible and try new things (new sports activities, new travel destinations...). By loving yourself, you give off a positive image of yourself, which others like.

By learning from your mistakes

"Everything that doesn't rise to consciousness comes back as fate," said the famous psychologist Carl Gustav Jung. If you don't learn from your mistakes, you will repeat them again and again. After several disappointments in love, it is necessary to take stock of those relationships that did not work out and to become aware of the causes of these failures. Make a list of things you no longer want in future relationships. This will allow you to avoid going back to profiles that have disappointed you in the past. Disappointments in love hurt, but at least they help us to clarify our expectations in love.

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What is fate? What does fate in life mean?

Fate is a sequence of events that form the fabric of a human life or a community. These events seem to be predefined, ordered by a higher or immanent power in the universe.

To act or to suffer in the face of fate? In this article, find out everything you need to know about fate and how to interpret it.

What is fate?

From the Latin "destinare", which means "to fix", fate is a sequence of events that form the framework of a human life or a community and that seems predefined, ordered by a higher power or immanent to the universe.

This sequence of events is opposed to chance and free will, while it comes close to the term fatality: it is indeed difficult, if not impossible, to escape one's fate.

In the Dictionary of Philosophical Concepts, Michel Blay refers to it as a "force of what happens and which seems to be imposed on us without any of our actions being able to change anything".

The origin of fate

The philosophical belief in fate originates from an attachment to explaining nature solely by means of matter and by establishing a causal link between things.

"If everything happens by virtue of antecedent causes, then all events are closely connected, naturally interwoven with one another, and if this is so, then everything is subject to necessity', argues Cicero.

Nevertheless, it is difficult to believe that man waited until antiquity to believe in fate.

This notion certainly arose before any philosophical reflection and even before any organised religion. It was a plausible answer to questions about unexplainable phenomena and had the merit of being simple: a single force, the expression of a higher will or inherent necessity, explained chaos.

Most cultures seem to have always rejected the idea of chance and free will.

Even today, with the decline of traditional religions, people still attach great importance to fate and determinism.

To act or to suffer in the face of fate?

The etymology of the word "destiny" tells us that it refers to fixation, determination, resolution or a decided project. Does this mean that life is only submission for those who believe in destiny?

Some authors, claiming to be stoics, believe that man has no impact on the course of events, however small.

Any hope of escaping his fate would therefore be vain. In other words: man's freedom does not exist and his responsibility is nil. Everything is dictated to him.

This does not necessarily translate into unhappiness while waiting for death: the Stoics claim that happiness is attainable for all those who voluntarily submit to their destiny by accepting the fate that awaits them.

On the contrary, other authors think that fate is only a global framework within which man has a certain freedom.

Fate does not control every moment of life. However, it does control the most important aspects of life, such as death and the major encounters in life.

Whatever happens, fate always wins. This does not prevent some people from wanting to escape fate and choose their own destiny.

Inspirational quotes

"For the ancients, the notion of fate, of fatum, does not lead to fatalistic submission or ascetic renunciation. On the contrary, it stimulates the desire for action.

Fatum is above all perceived as a challenge to man, a challenge which man knows very well in advance that he will never be able to meet entirely, but which he must nevertheless take up, because it is by taking it up that he gives meaning to his existence. It is because there is a destiny that the response that man can try to make to it is, in the true sense, heroic.

It is because there is a destiny that we must try to make our mark on it. By acquiring the intuition of his destiny, man is not less free; on the contrary, he recovers his fundamental freedom, which is first and foremost the privilege of consenting while acting.

"Fatum is an exhilarating idea when you understand that you yourself are part of it - There is only one path in the world that no one can follow but yourself. Voluntarily follow this path that others follow blindly. Nietzsche.

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Tate Britain, London. Information about London

Along with Tate Modern, Tate Liverpool and Tate St Ives, the Tate Britain Museum is part of the Tate Gallery network of museums founded by Henry Tate. It is one of the most comprehensive museums in the British art world, both in terms of the number of works and their quality.

History

The museum is housed in the original Tate Gallery building before it was divided into three other sites. It is a stately Portland stone building that was begun in 1983. It is situated on the original site of the former Millbank Prison.

The gallery opened on 21 July 1897 as the National Gallery of British Art, but soon became popularly known as the Tate Gallery after its founder Henry Tate.

Exhibitions

Since the transfer of much of the modern and contemporary art collection to the Tate Modern site in 2000, Tate Britain has held the world's most important collection of British art from the 1500s to the present day.

The museum is divided into three main sections. The first is historic British art with paintings and sculptures from the 1500s to the 1900s. The second is modern art from 1900 to 1960. The third part of the museum is completed by the exhibition of contemporary art with works dating from 1960 to the present day.

Among the works in the entire museum are works by renowned artists such as J.M.W Turner, Gainsborough, Constable, Millais, Burne-Jones, Whistler, Hogarth, Sargent, Sickert, Hepworth and Bacon.

There are frequent and interesting temporary exhibitions. Although admission to Tate Britain is free, a ticket is required to enter.

Location: Millbank, London SW1P 4RG, Reino Unido - +44 20 7887 8888

Boat: Tate Boat with parada en muelle de Millbank Millennium Pier.

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British Museum, London. Information about London

The British Museum is the largest museum in the United Kingdom and one of the most important in the world. Since its opening in 1759, it has amassed a collection of more than 7 million objects from every continent.

The building where the British Museum is currently housed is an imposing neoclassical building designed by Robert Smirkey and completed in 1857.

Over the decades the museum has undergone several extensions, which were necessary to accommodate its large art collections.

For space reasons, all of the more than seven million pieces are not on display at the same time, but some are rotated so that visitors can see other collections on subsequent visits. The rest are in the process of study and reconstruction.

The collections are perfectly divided according to their origin. Among the different departments are the Roman and Greek antiquities department; the ethnography department with objects from different indigenous peoples of the world; the Oriental antiquities department; the West Asian antiquities department with objects from 5,000 BC; and the Egyptian antiquities department, which is the most popular and has the most objects, including sarcophagi, mummies, papyrus and the famous Rosetta Stone.

The British Museum also has the so-called Reading Room, the former location of the British Library before it moved to another building nearby, which now holds over 40,000 volumes, a tiny part of the museum's collection of over 150 million books, maps, and a wealth of written documentation.

The best thing about the British Museum is that, unlike other museums, admission is free, which is an advantage if you want to visit over several days.

Location: Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3DG.

Underground stops at Tottenham Court Road and Holborn.

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Buckingham Palace, London. Information about London

Buckingham Palace has been the official residence of the English Royal Family since 1837, when Queen Victoria took up residence here three weeks after her coronation. It is currently home to Queen Elizabeth II.

The original building was built in 1705 as a country house by John Sheffield, the Duke of Buckingham. In 1761 King George III bought the house for his wife and renovated it. In 1826 King George IV decided to convert the house into a Royal Palace but he and his successor died before the building was completed. Queen Victoria finally moved into the palace and it has been the official residence of the English monarchy ever since.

The palace was extended in 1850 with the addition of the east wing, where most of the palace's rooms and a large ballroom 40 metres long were added. The main façade facing St. James's Park dates from 1913.

Queen Elizabeth II and Philip Mountbatten (Duke of Edinburgh) occupy part of the palace, although the rest is used for official events and as residences for some officials. The palace has 600 rooms, a throne room, a ballroom, a picture gallery, a swimming pool and a large garden.

The use of space is approximately as follows: 52 rooms for the Royal Family and guests, 188 rooms for service personnel, 78 bathrooms and 92 offices.

Some of these rooms can be visited during the months of August and September when the Royal Family is not at the palace. The tour includes a total of 19 rooms such as the Throne Room, the Queen's Gallery and the Ballroom, where lavish state banquets are held. The tour also includes a walk through the palace garden.

Changing of the Guard

One of the daily activities at Buckingham Palace that attracts the most curiosity from tourists and has become quite a spectacle is the Changing of the Guard. The Changing of the Guard takes place at 11:30 am at the main entrance of the palace. The changing of the guard takes about 45 minutes and is accompanied by military music played by a band of soldiers.

Location: London SW1A 1AA, Reino Unido +44 303 123 7300

Underground with stop at Green Park, Victoria, Hyde Park Corner o Scotland Yard.

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Trafalgar Square, London. Information about London

Trafalgar Square is undoubtedly the most representative and famous square in London, the undisputed meeting point for Londoners, with a constant influx of tourists who consider this square an essential visit on their trip to the English capital.

The most characteristic feature of this square built in 1845 is its great column, which pays homage to Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, who won the victory at the Battle of Trafalgar, which gives its name to the busy square. This column reaches a height of over 50 metres, topped by a sculpture of the Vice Admiral. Surrounding the obelisk is a bronze sculpture of giant lions cast by the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens. Flanking the column are harmonious fountains of crystal clear water that provide a breath of fresh air, especially on hot days.

To the north of the square stands the building that gives Trafalgar Square its majestic appearance. This is the National Gallery, which has the most important collection of paintings in England, with works dating from 1250 to 1900. Another building worth admiring is the church of St Martin in the Fields in the north-west corner.

Charing Cross is the name of a street leading off the square. This point corresponds to London's kilometre zero, just like Puerta del Sol in Madrid.

Around Trafalgar Square are London's busiest areas with numerous restaurants, cinemas, cafes and shops. These areas are Chinatown and Soho.

Location: Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 5DN, Reino Unido +44 20 7983 4750

Underground with stop at Charing Cross station.

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