sábado, 6 de agosto de 2022

What are the early signs of dementia?

What is an early indicator of dementia? What are the early signs of dementia?

Dementia: recognising the early signs

While the majority of people with dementia are over 65 years of age, in very rare cases it can be seen in younger individuals. How can we identify the first signs of dementia? How can we support people suffering from this syndrome? Here are some answers.

What is dementia?

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), dementia "is one of the leading causes of disability and dependence among older people worldwide". It may also be referred to as senile dementia.

It is a syndrome that is most often progressive and degrades the cognitive function of the person. Although this pathology almost exclusively affects the elderly, "it is not a normal part of ageing", says the WHO.

The symptoms of dementia

Symptoms can vary from one individual to another. While the first signs may go unnoticed by those around them, they intensify over time until they usually lead to a total loss of independence. Several stages of dementia can be identified.

The first signs

  • Memory loss.
  • Disorientation, even in familiar places.
  • Loss of sense of time.

The second stage of the disease

  • Severe memory loss: difficulty remembering people's names or recent events.
  • Difficulty performing everyday tasks such as eating, washing or going to the toilet.
  • Problems in using language.
  • Severe disorientation.

Late stage dementia

  • Total loss of independence.
  • Personality changes and aggression.
  • Difficulty moving around.
  • Loss of sense of time and place.
  • Inability to remember loved ones and past events.

In advanced stages of the disease, the person may "have difficulty swallowing food without choking. These problems increase the risk of malnutrition, pneumonia (often due to inhalation of secretions or particles through the mouth) and bedsores (because they cannot move).

The different forms of dementia

Degenerative dementias represent the vast majority of cases of neurological diseases leading to an alteration in cognitive abilities. Examples include :

  • Dementia with Lewy bodies: this causes hallucinations, motor disorders, mood and behavioural disorders, among other things;
  • Frontotemporal dementia: is characterised by several symptoms such as personality changes, physical neglect, inappropriate behaviour and disinterest in loved ones. Amnesia occurs in a second stage of the disease;
  • Alzheimer's disease: the most common. It is manifested by memory loss, disorientation, behavioural changes, and difficulties in speaking and writing.

Some dementias are not degenerative, i.e. they do not result from a degeneration of neurons like vascular dementia. It most often affects people with vascular comorbidities. It is the result of strokes.

The causes of dementia

Dementia is caused by different types of diseases affecting the brain. The best known is Alzheimer's disease.

Stroke is also a risk factor in the development of dementia.

Can dementia be cured?

At present, there is no real treatment to cure dementia or to slow down its progression. Early diagnosis of the disease and the introduction of a treatment will nevertheless make it possible to accompany and relieve the patients on a daily basis.

On its website, the WHO states that the risk of dementia can be reduced by :

  • exercising regularly
  • not smoking
  • avoiding harmful use of alcohol
  • controlling your weight
  • eating a healthy diet
  • maintaining healthy levels of blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar.

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martes, 2 de agosto de 2022

How to improve your concentration when working or studying

How to improve and develop concentration at work

How to improve and develop your concentration when working or studying

Concentration and focus are not the same. Here is the difference: Being focused implies that we concentrate exclusively on something, excluding everything else. Attention, on the other hand, is everything that happens around us, every detail, everything that happens; in other words, nothing escapes us. If the first thing that worries you, you will discover today how to develop your concentration effectively.

Therefore, if you need concentration to study, work or perform a task that, due to its degree of difficulty, requires your maximum concentration or if you simply want to exercise it, you will find here some 100% practical tips that will undoubtedly be useful.

Start by setting priorities

To develop your concentration, when you start your day, determine what you will do, when you will do it, what you will leave aside for another time, what you will do first and what you will do next. Set clear goals that are as specific and realistic as possible. If it is necessary and you feel more comfortable, write down what you have decided.

Organise your materials

Order all the materials you are going to use and leave everything at your fingertips. When studying, you can use one or more techniques to correct knowledge such as: underlining, concept maps, notes, summaries, highlighting important text fragments in different colours. Finally, use the technique that suits you best and is most useful.

Eliminate anything that might distract you

Turn off the mobile phone, TV and radio (if it disturbs you) and choose a comfortable place to be. If you live in a very noisy environment, use earplugs or headphones to reduce noise. If any sudden noise distracts you momentarily, try to neutralise it and refocus.

On the contrary, some people find that music accompanies them and helps them to concentrate more. If this is the case for you, study or do your homework while listening to your favourite music.

Take a break

Take a break or change material from time to time. It has been proven that after 90 minutes, concentration is lost, so it is better to take a break and let yourself be distracted. listen to music, eat an apple, drink tea, etc. and then go back to your study or work place. This way you can develop your concentration much better.

Control your space

Keep your study or work space clean and tidy. This detail, at first sight so superficial, is extremely important. Try to have everything you need at hand and always in the same place, so that you can find it easily and without wasting time.

Divide the work into several parts

When the work you have to do is very complex, it is best to divide it into several parts, so that you can meet them in turn. This will prevent anxiety from taking over and you will see that you complete each step to the end. It is also useful to set deadlines for these steps. They should be realistic so as not to create false expectations.

Once you have completed a task that has taken a lot of effort, reward yourself with something you enjoy, it can be a break, watching TV, having a coffee, talking on the phone or going for a walk; you choose what you like best.

Sleep what you need

Sleep the number of hours your body needs. This is important because getting enough rest will help you perform better if you have to study or work. Only then can you develop your concentration properly.

Worry!

Don't let worries get to you. This is another great distraction. There are many techniques you can use to get rid of them (meditation, breathing, relaxation) and face your study or task without being disturbed. Use the one that gives you the best results.

What is your most productive time?

Choose the time of day when you feel most productive, it could be morning, afternoon or evening. This is very personal. Try to find out what time is your best time.

What are you waiting for to implement these tips? As you can see, they are very simple, but when you apply them, you will find that your concentration, whether at work or in the studio, increases and, therefore, your performance. Successes!

How to increase your concentration time?

  1. Start by timing how long you can stay focused on a task without struggling: start the timer when you start working, and stop it as soon as you feel your concentration waning. This can be only after 40 minutes, or 30', or only 20'... Don't cheat: the aim is to start from your current ability to concentrate and improve it.
  2. Take this time into account when organising your work: never study for longer than (for example) 20 minutes at a time. After 20', take a short break of 3', then voluntarily go back to work for another 20'.
  3. After several days, this method of working should already bear fruit: you are more efficient because you are better concentrated, you waste less time, you are more energetic because you learn to devote yourself 100% to the study during your work periods. You know how to start at full speed, and stop, restart and stop.
  4. After at least a month, you can try to increase your "concentration time" by 5 minutes: from 20 to 25 minutes for example, or from 30 to 35'. You have strengthened your concentration.

Exercises to mobilise immediate attention

  1. Observe an object for 30 seconds, then try to picture it in your mind with your eyes closed as clearly as possible
  2. Do the same with the face of someone you know well: try to picture it in your mind as accurately as possible.
  3. Turn down the radio very slowly and try to listen to it until you hear nothing more. You can also try to do this with background noise.

Headaches, fatigue: the enemies of concentration

Normally, all the advice given above should make your work sessions less tiring and help you avoid headaches.

If you still get a headache quickly, there are other purely physical causes to consider:

  1. Sleep: are you getting enough sleep? Lack of sleep impairs concentration, as you can see after a shorter night.
  2. Diet: the brain consumes a lot of energy. To fuel it well, eat a very balanced diet, not only during revision but also throughout the year. Avoid systematic sandwiches at lunchtime and dinners reduced to a bowl of pasta. A full meal in a restaurant is not necessarily a waste of time. Also remember to drink enough: we need 1.5 litres of water a day!
  3. Consumption of stimulants or drugs: coffee stimulates wakefulness but in excess, it also increases anxiety. Cann**abis is notorious for its deleterious effects on concentration and memory. The same applies to excessive alcohol consumption.
  4. Physical fitness and health: you are not just a brain! Do you do enough sport, do you take the time to walk, to breathe (and to air your room)? Think also about glasses (eyesight problems give you a headache), dental care, etc.

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lunes, 1 de agosto de 2022

The Adventure Of Charles Augustus Milverton - Arthur Conan

adventure charles augustus

Recursos Educativos en Inglés - Stories in English - Cuentos clásicos en Inglés

The Adventure Of Charles Augustus Milverton - Arthur Conan Doyle

It is years since the incidents of which I speak took place, and yet it is with diffidence that I allude to them. For a long time, even with the utmost discretion and reticence, it would have been impossible to make the facts public, but now the principal person concerned is beyond the reach of human law, and with due suppression the story may be told in such fashion as to injure no one. It records an absolutely unique experience in the career both of Mr. Sherlock Holmes and of myself. The reader will excuse me if I conceal the date or any other fact by which he might trace the actual occurrence.

We had been out for one of our evening rambles, Holmes and I, and had returned about six o'clock on a cold, frosty winter's evening. As Holmes turned up the lamp the light fell upon a card on the table. He glanced at it, and then, with an ejaculation of disgust, threw it on the floor. I picked it up and read:

CHARLES AUGUSTUS MILVERTON,
Appledore Towers,
Hampstead.
Agent.

"Who is he?" I asked.

"The worst man in London," Holmes answered, as he sat down and stretched his legs before the fire. "Is anything on the back of the card?"

I turned it over.

"Will call at 6:30 -- C.A.M.," I read.

"Hum! He's about due. Do you feel a creeping, shrinking sensation, Watson, when you stand before the serpents in the Zoo, and see the slithery, gliding, venomous creatures, with their deadly eyes and wicked, flattened faces? Well, that's how Milverton impresses me. I've had to do with fifty murderers in my career, but the worst of them never gave me the repulsion which I have for this fellow. And yet I can't get out of doing business with him -- indeed, he is here at my invitation."
"But who is he?"

"I'll tell you, Watson. He is the king of all the blackmailers. Heaven help the man, and still more the woman, whose secret and reputation come into the power of Milverton! With a smiling face and a heart of marble, he will squeeze and squeeze until he has drained them dry. The fellow is a genius in his way, and would have made his mark in some more savoury trade. His method is as follows: He allows it to be known that he is prepared to pay very high sums for letters which compromise people of wealth and position. He receives these wares not only from treacherous valets or maids, but frequently from genteel ruffians, who have gained the confidence and affection of trusting women. He deals with no niggard hand. I happen to know that he paid seven hundred pounds to a footman for a note two lines in length, and that the ruin of a noble family was the result. Everything which is in the market goes to Milverton, and there are hundreds in this great city who turn white at his name. No one knows where his grip may fall, for he is far too rich and far too cunning to work from hand to mouth. He will hold a card back for years in order to play it at the moment when the stake is best worth winning. I have said that he is the worst man in London, and I would ask you how could one compare the ruffian, who in hot blood bludgeons his mate, with this man, who methodically and at his leisure tortures the soul and wrings the nerves in order to add to his already swollen money-bags?"

I had seldom heard my friend speak with such intensity of feeling.

"But surely," said I, "the fellow must be within the grasp of the law?"

"Technically, no doubt, but practically not. What would it profit a woman, for example, to get him a few months' imprisonment if her own ruin must immediately follow? His victims dare not hit back. If ever he blackmailed an innocent person, then indeed we should have him, but he is as cunning as the Evil One. No, no, we must find other ways to fight him."
"And why is he here?"

"Because an illustrious client has placed her piteous case in my hands. It is the Lady Eva Blackwell, the most beautiful debutante of last season. She is to be married in a fortnight to the Earl of Dovercourt. This fiend has several imprudent letters -- imprudent, Watson, nothing worse -- which were written to an impecunious young squire in the country. They would suffice to break off the match. Milverton will send the letters to the Earl unless a large sum of money is paid him. I have been commissioned to meet him, and -- to make the best terms I can."

At that instant there was a clatter and a rattle in the street below. Looking down I saw a stately carriage and pair, the brilliant lamps gleaming on the glossy haunches of the noble chestnuts. A footman opened the door, and a small, stout man in a shaggy astrakhan overcoat descended. A minute later he was in the room.

Charles Augustus Milverton was a man of fifty, with a large, intellectual head, a round, plump, hairless face, a perpetual frozen smile, and two keen gray eyes, which gleamed brightly from behind broad, gold-rimmed glasses. There was something of Mr. Pickwick's benevolence in his appearance, marred only by the insincerity of the fixed smile and by the hard glitter of those restless and penetrating eyes. His voice was as smooth and suave as his countenance, as he advanced with a plump little hand extended, murmuring his regret for having missed us at his first visit. Holmes disregarded the outstretched hand and looked at him with a face of granite. Milverton's smile broadened, he shrugged his shoulders removed his overcoat, folded it with great deliberation over the back of a chair, and then took a seat.

"This gentleman?" said he, with a wave in my direction. "Is it discreet? Is it right?"

"Dr. Watson is my friend and partner."
"Very good, Mr. Holmes. It is only in your client's interests that I protested. The matter is so very delicate -- --"

"Dr. Watson has already heard of it."

"Then we can proceed to business. You say that you are acting for Lady Eva. Has she empowered you to accept my terms?"

"What are your terms?"

"Seven thousand pounds."

"And the alternative?"

"My dear sir, it is painful for me to discuss it, but if the money is not paid on the 14th, there certainly will be no marriage on the 18th." His insufferable smile was more complacent than ever.

Holmes thought for a little.

"You appear to me," he said, at last, "to be taking matters too much for granted. I am, of course, familiar with the contents of these letters. My client will certainly do what I may advise. I shall counsel her to tell her future husband the whole story and to trust to his generosity."

Milverton chuckled.

"You evidently do not know the Earl," said he.

From the baffled look upon Holmes's face, I could see clearly that he did.

"What harm is there in the letters?" he asked.

"They are sprightly -- very sprightly," Milverton answered. "The lady was a charming correspondent. But I can assure you that the Earl of Dovercourt would fail to appreciate them. However, since you think otherwise, we will let it rest at that. It is purely a matter of business. If you think that it is in the best interests of your client that these letters should be placed in the hands of the Earl, then you would indeed be foolish to pay so large a sum of money to regain them." He rose and seized his astrakhan coat.
Holmes was gray with anger and mortification.

"Wait a little," he said. "You go too fast. We should certainly make every effort to avoid scandal in so delicate a matter."

Milverton relapsed into his chair.

"I was sure that you would see it in that light," he purred.

"At the same time," Holmes continued, "Lady Eva is not a wealthy woman. I assure you that two thousand pounds would be a drain upon her resources, and that the sum you name is utterly beyond her power. I beg, therefore, that you will moderate your demands, and that you will return the letters at the price I indicate, which is, I assure you, the highest that you can get."

Milverton's smile broadened and his eyes twinkled humorously.

"I am aware that what you say is true about the lady's resources," said he. "At the same time you must admit that the occasion of a lady's marriage is a very suitable time for her friends and relatives to make some little effort upon her behalf. They may hesitate as to an acceptable wedding present. Let me assure them that this little bundle of letters would give more joy than all the candelabra and butter-dishes in London."

"It is impossible," said Holmes.

"Dear me, dear me, how unfortunate!" cried Milverton, taking out a bulky pocketbook. "I cannot help thinking that ladies are ill-advised in not making an effort. Look at this!" He held up a little note with a coat-of-arms upon the envelope. "That belongs to -- well, perhaps it is hardly fair to tell the name until to-morrow morning. But at that time it will be in the hands of the lady's husband. And all because she will not find a beggarly sum which she could get by turning her diamonds into paste. It IS such a pity! Now, you remember the sudden end of the engagement between the Honourable Miss Miles and Colonel Dorking? Only two days before the wedding, there was a paragraph in the MORNING POST to say that it was all off. And why? It is almost incredible, but the absurd sum of twelve hundred pounds would have settled the whole question. Is it not pitiful? And here I find you, a man of sense, boggling about terms, when your client's future and honour are at stake. You surprise me, Mr. Holmes."
"What I say is true," Holmes answered. "The money cannot be found. Surely it is better for you to take the substantial sum which I offer than to ruin this woman's career, which can profit you in no way?"

"There you make a mistake, Mr. Holmes. An exposure would profit me indirectly to a considerable extent. I have eight or ten similar cases maturing. If it was circulated among them that I had made a severe example of the Lady Eva, I should find all of them much more open to reason. You see my point?"

Holmes sprang from his chair.

"Get behind him, Watson! Don't let him out! Now, sir, let us see the contents of that notebook."

Milverton had glided as quick as a rat to the side of the room and stood with his back against the wall.

"Mr. Holmes, Mr. Holmes," he said, turning the front of his coat and exhibiting the butt of a large revolver, which projected from the inside pocket. "I have been expecting you to do something original. This has been done so often, and what good has ever come from it? I assure you that I am armed to the teeth, and I am perfectly prepared to use my weapons, knowing that the law will support me. Besides, your supposition that I would bring the letters here in a notebook is entirely mistaken. I would do nothing so foolish. And now, gentlemen, I have one or two little interviews this evening, and it is a long drive to Hampstead." He stepped forward, took up his coat, laid his hand on his revolver, and turned to the door. I picked up a chair, but Holmes shook his head, and I laid it down again. With bow, a smile, and a twinkle, Milverton was out of the room, and a few moments after we heard the slam of the carriage door and the rattle of the wheels as he drove away.
Holmes sat motionless by the fire, his hands buried deep in his trouser pockets, his chin sunk upon his breast, his eyes fixed upon the glowing embers. For half an hour he was silent and still. Then, with the gesture of a man who has taken his decision, he sprang to his feet and passed into his bedroom. A little later a rakish young workman, with a goatee beard and a swagger, lit his clay pipe at the lamp before descending into the street. "I'll be back some time, Watson," said he, and vanished into the night. I understood that he had opened his campaign against Charles Augustus Milverton, but I little dreamed the strange shape which that campaign was destined to take.

For some days Holmes came and went at all hours in this attire, but beyond a remark that his time was spent at Hampstead, and that it was not wasted, I knew nothing of what he was doing. At last, however, on a wild, tempestuous evening, when the wind screamed and rattled against the windows, he returned from his last expedition, and having removed his disguise he sat before the fire and laughed heartily in his silent inward fashion.

"You would not call me a marrying man, Watson?"

"No, indeed!"

"You'll be interested to hear that I'm engaged."

"My dear fellow! I congrat -- --"

"To Milverton's housemaid."

"Good heavens, Holmes!"

"I wanted information, Watson."

"Surely you have gone too far?"

"It was a most necessary step. I am a plumber with a rising business, Escott, by name. I have walked out with her each evening, and I have talked with her. Good heavens, those talks! However, I have got all I wanted. I know Milverton's house as I know the palm of my hand."
"But the girl, Holmes?"

He shrugged his shoulders.

"You can't help it, my dear Watson. You must play your cards as best you can when such a stake is on the table. However, I rejoice to say that I have a hated rival, who will certainly cut me out the instant that my back is turned. What a splendid night it is!"

"You like this weather?"

"It suits my purpose. Watson, I mean to burgle Milverton's house to-night."

I had a catching of the breath, and my skin went cold at the words, which were slowly uttered in a tone of concentrated resolution. As a flash of lightning in the night shows up in an instant every detail of a wild landscape, so at one glance I seemed to see every possible result of such an action -- the detection, the capture, the honoured career ending in irreparable failure and disgrace, my friend himself lying at the mercy of the odious Milverton.

"For heaven's sake, Holmes, think what you are doing," I cried.

"My dear fellow, I have given it every consideration. I am never precipitate in my actions, nor would I adopt so energetic and, indeed, so dangerous a course, if any other were possible. Let us look at the matter clearly and fairly. I suppose that you will admit that the action is morally justifiable, though technically criminal. To burgle his house is no more than to forcibly take his pocketbook -- an action in which you were prepared to aid me."

I turned it over in my mind.

"Yes," I said, "it is morally justifiable so long as our object is to take no articles save those which are used for an illegal purpose."

"Exactly. Since it is morally justifiable, I have only to consider the question of personal risk. Surely a gentleman should not lay much stress upon this, when a lady is in most desperate need of his help?"
"You will be in such a false position."

"Well, that is part of the risk. There is no other possible way of regaining these letters. The unfortunate lady has not the money, and there are none of her people in whom she could confide. To-morrow is the last day of grace, and unless we can get the letters to-night, this villain will be as good as his word and will bring about her ruin. I must, therefore, abandon my client to her fate or I must play this last card. Between ourselves, Watson, it's a sporting duel between this fellow Milverton and me. He had, as you saw, the best of the first exchanges, but my self-respect and my reputation are concerned to fight it to a finish."

"Well, I don't like it, but I suppose it must be," said I. "When do we start?"

"You are not coming."

"Then you are not going," said I. "I give you my word of honour-and I never broke it in my life -- that I will take a cab straight to the police-station and give you away, unless you let me share this adventure with you."

"You can't help me."

"How do you know that? You can't tell what may happen. Anyway, my resolution is taken. Other people besides you have self-respect, and even reputations."

Holmes had looked annoyed, but his brow cleared, and he clapped me on the shoulder.

"Well, well, my dear fellow, be it so. We have shared this same room for some years, and it would be amusing if we ended by sharing the same cell. You know, Watson, I don't mind confessing to you that I have always had an idea that I would have made a highly efficient criminal. This is the chance of my lifetime in that direction. See here!" He took a neat little leather case out of a drawer, and opening it he exhibited a number of shining instruments. "This is a first-class, up-to-date burgling kit, with nickel-plated jemmy, diamond-tipped glass-cutter, adaptable keys, and every modern improvement which the march of civilization demands. Here, too, is my dark lantern. Everything is in order. Have you a pair of silent shoes?"
"I have rubber-soled tennis shoes."

"Excellent! And a mask?"

"I can make a couple out of black silk."

"I can see that you have a strong, natural turn for this sort of thing. Very good, do you make the masks. We shall have some cold supper before we start. It is now nine-thirty. At eleven we shall drive as far as Church Row. It is a quarter of an hour's walk from there to Appledore Towers. We shall be at work before midnight. Milverton is a heavy sleeper, and retires punctually at ten-thirty. With any luck we should be back here by two, with the Lady Eva's letters in my pocket."

Holmes and I put on our dress-clothes, so that we might appear to be two theatre-goers homeward bound. In Oxford Street we picked up a hansom and drove to an address in Hampstead. Here we paid off our cab, and with our great coats buttoned up, for it was bitterly cold, and the wind seemed to blow through us, we walked along the edge of the heath.

"It's a business that needs delicate treatment," said Holmes. "These documents are contained in a safe in the fellow's study, and the study is the ante-room of his bed-chamber. On the other hand, like all these stout, little men who do themselves well, he is a plethoric sleeper. Agatha -- that's my fiancee -- says it is a joke in the servants' hall that it's impossible to wake the master. He has a secretary who is devoted to his interests, and never budges from the study all day. That's why we are going at night. Then he has a beast of a dog which roams the garden. I met Agatha late the last two evenings, and she locks the brute up so as to give me a clear run. This is the house, this big one in its own grounds. Through the gate -- now to the right among the laurels. We might put on our masks here, I think. You see, there is not a glimmer of light in any of the windows, and everything is working splendidly."
With our black silk face-coverings, which turned us into two of the most truculent figures in London, we stole up to the silent, gloomy house. A sort of tiled veranda extended along one side of it, lined by several windows and two doors.

"That's his bedroom," Holmes whispered. "This door opens straight into the study. It would suit us best, but it is bolted as well as locked, and we should make too much noise getting in. Come round here. There's a greenhouse which opens into the drawing-room."

The place was locked, but Holmes removed a circle of glass and turned the key from the inside. An instant afterwards he had closed the door behind us, and we had become felons in the eyes of the law. The thick, warm air of the conservatory and the rich, choking fragrance of exotic plants took us by the throat. He seized my hand in the darkness and led me swiftly past banks of shrubs which brushed against our faces. Holmes had remarkable powers, carefully cultivated, of seeing in the dark. Still holding my hand in one of his, he opened a door, and I was vaguely conscious that we had entered a large room in which a cigar had been smoked not long before. He felt his way among the furniture, opened another door, and closed it behind us. Putting out my hand I felt several coats hanging from the wall, and I understood that I was in a passage. We passed along it and Holmes very gently opened a door upon the right-hand side. Something rushed out at us and my heart sprang into my mouth, but I could have laughed when I realized that it was the cat. A fire was burning in this new room, and again the air was heavy with tobacco smoke. Holmes entered on tiptoe, waited for me to follow, and then very gently closed the door. We were in Milverton's study, and a portiere at the farther side showed the entrance to his bedroom.

It was a good fire, and the room was illuminated by it. Near the door I saw the gleam of an electric switch, but it was unnecessary, even if it had been safe, to turn it on. At one side of the fireplace was a heavy curtain which covered the bay window we had seen from outside. On the other side was the door which communicated with the veranda. A desk stood in the centre, with a turning-chair of shining red leather. Opposite was a large bookcase, with a marble bust of Athene on the top. In the corner, between the bookcase and the wall, there stood a tall, green safe, the firelight flashing back from the polished brass knobs upon its face. Holmes stole across and looked at it. Then he crept to the door of the bedroom, and stood with slanting head listening intently. No sound came from within. Meanwhile it had struck me that it would be wise to secure our retreat through the outer door, so I examined it. To my amazement, it was neither locked nor bolted. I touched Holmes on the arm, and he turned his masked face in that direction. I saw him start, and he was evidently as surprised as I.
"I don't like it," he whispered, putting his lips to my very ear. "I can't quite make it out. Anyhow, we have no time to lose."

"Can I do anything?"

"Yes, stand by the door. If you hear anyone come, bolt it on the inside, and we can get away as we came. If they come the other way, we can get through the door if our job is done, or hide behind these window curtains if it is not. Do you understand?"

I nodded, and stood by the door. My first feeling of fear had passed away, and I thrilled now with a keener zest than I had ever enjoyed when we were the defenders of the law instead of its defiers. The high object of our mission, the consciousness that it was unselfish and chivalrous, the villainous character of our opponent, all added to the sporting interest of the adventure. Far from feeling guilty, I rejoiced and exulted in our dangers. With a glow of admiration I watched Holmes unrolling his case of instruments and choosing his tool with the calm, scientific accuracy of a surgeon who performs a delicate operation. I knew that the opening of safes was a particular hobby with him, and I understood the joy which it gave him to be confronted with this green and gold monster, the dragon which held in its maw the reputations of many fair ladies. Turning up the cuffs of his dress-coat -- he had placed his overcoat on a chair -- Holmes laid out two drills, a jemmy, and several skeleton keys. I stood at the centre door with my eyes glancing at each of the others, ready for any emergency, though, indeed, my plans were somewhat vague as to what I should do if we were interrupted. For half an hour, Holmes worked with concentrated energy, laying down one tool, picking up another, handling each with the strength and delicacy of the trained mechanic. Finally I heard a click, the broad green door swung open, and inside I had a glimpse of a number of paper packets, each tied, sealed, and inscribed. Holmes picked one out, but it was as hard to read by the flickering fire, and he drew out his little dark lantern, for it was too dangerous, with Milverton in the next room, to switch on the electric light. Suddenly I saw him halt, listen intently, and then in an instant he had swung the door of the safe to, picked up his coat, stuffed his tools into the pockets, and darted behind the window curtain, motioning me to do the same.
It was only when I had joined him there that I heard what had alarmed his quicker senses. There was a noise somewhere within the house. A door slammed in the distance. Then a confused, dull murmur broke itself into the measured thud of heavy footsteps rapidly approaching. They were in the passage outside the room. They paused at the door. The door opened. There was a sharp snick as the electric light was turned on. The door closed once more, and the pungent reek of a strong cigar was borne to our nostrils. Then the footsteps continued backward and forward, backward and forward, within a few yards of us. Finally there was a creak from a chair, and the footsteps ceased. Then a key clicked in a lock, and I heard the rustle of papers.

So far I had not dared to look out, but now I gently parted the division of the curtains in front of me and peeped through. From the pressure of Holmes's shoulder against mine, I knew that he was sharing my observations. Right in front of us, and almost within our reach, was the broad, rounded back of Milverton. It was evident that we had entirely miscalculated his movements, that he had never been to his bedroom, but that he had been sitting up in some smoking or billiard room in the farther wing of the house, the windows of which we had not seen. His broad, grizzled head, with its shining patch of baldness, was in the immediate foreground of our vision. He was leaning far back in the red leather chair, his legs outstretched, a long, black cigar projecting at an angle from his mouth. He wore a semi-military smoking jacket, claret-coloured, with a black velvet collar. In his hand he held a long, legal document which he was reading in an indolent fashion, blowing rings of tobacco smoke from his lips as he did so. There was no promise of a speedy departure in his composed bearing and his comfortable attitude.

I felt Holmes's hand steal into mine and give me a reassuring shake, as if to say that the situation was within his powers, and that he was easy in his mind. I was not sure whether he had seen what was only too obvious from my position, that the door of the safe was imperfectly closed, and that Milverton might at any moment observe it. In my own mind I had determined that if I were sure, from the rigidity of his gaze, that it had caught his eye, I would at once spring out, throw my great coat over his head, pinion him, and leave the rest to Holmes. But Milverton never looked up. He was languidly interested by the papers in his hand, and page after page was turned as he followed the argument of the lawyer. At least, I thought, when he has finished the document and the cigar he will go to his room, but before he had reached the end of either, there came a remarkable development, which turned our thoughts into quite another channel.
Several times I had observed that Milverton looked at his watch, and once he had risen and sat down again, with a gesture of impatience. The idea, however, that he might have an appointment at so strange an hour never occurred to me until a faint sound reached my ears from the veranda outside. Milverton dropped his papers and sat rigid in his chair. The sound was repeated, and then there came a gentle tap at the door. Milverton rose and opened it.

"Well," said he, curtly, "you are nearly half an hour late."

So this was the explanation of the unlocked door and of the nocturnal vigil of Milverton. There was the gentle rustle of a woman's dress. I had closed the slit between the curtains as Milverton's face had turned in our direction, but now I ventured very carefully to open it once more. He had resumed his seat, the cigar still projecting at an insolent angle from the corner of his mouth. In front of him, in the full glare of the electric light, there stood a tall, slim, dark woman, a veil over her face, a mantle drawn round her chin. Her breath came quick and fast, and every inch of the lithe figure was quivering with strong emotion.

"Well," said Milverton, "you made me lose a good night's rest, my dear. I hope you'll prove worth it. You couldn't come any other time -- eh?"

The woman shook her head.

"Well, if you couldn't you couldn't. If the Countess is a hard mistress, you have your chance to get level with her now. Bless the girl, what are you shivering about? That's right. Pull yourself together. Now, let us get down to business." He took a notebook from the drawer of his desk. "You say that you have five letters which compromise the Countess d'Albert. You want to sell them. I want to buy them. So far so good. It only remains to fix a price. I should want to inspect the letters, of course. If they are really good specimens -- Great heavens, is it you?"
The woman, without a word, had raised her veil and dropped the mantle from her chin. It was a dark, handsome, clear-cut face which confronted Milverton -- a face with a curved nose, strong, dark eyebrows shading hard, glittering eyes, and a straight, thin-lipped mouth set in a dangerous smile.

"It is I," she said, "the woman whose life you have ruined."

Milverton laughed, but fear vibrated in his voice. "You were so very obstinate," said he. "Why did you drive me to such extremities? I assure you I wouldn't hurt a fly of my own accord, but every man has his business, and what was I to do? I put the price well within your means. You would not pay."

"So you sent the letters to my husband, and he -- the noblest gentleman that ever lived, a man whose boots I was never worthy to lace -- he broke his gallant heart and died. You remember that last night, when I came through that door, I begged and prayed you for mercy, and you laughed in my face as you are trying to laugh now, only your coward heart cannot keep your lips from twitching. Yes, you never thought to see me here again, but it was that night which taught me how I could meet you face to face, and alone. Well, Charles Milverton, what have you to say?"

"Don't imagine that you can bully me," said he, rising to his feet. "I have only to raise my voice and I could call my servants and have you arrested. But I will make allowance for your natural anger. Leave the room at once as you came, and I will say no more."

The woman stood with her hand buried in her bosom, and the same deadly smile on her thin lips.

"You will ruin no more lives as you have ruined mine. You will wring no more hearts as you wrung mine. I will free the world of a poisonous thing. Take that, you hound -- and that! -- and that! -- and that!"
She had drawn a little gleaming revolver, and emptied barrel after barrel into Milverton's body, the muzzle within two feet of his shirt front. He shrank away and then fell forward upon the table, coughing furiously and clawing among the papers. Then he staggered to his feet, received another shot, and rolled upon the floor. "You've done me," he cried, and lay still. The woman looked at him intently, and ground her heel into his upturned face. She looked again, but there was no sound or movement. I heard a sharp rustle, the night air blew into the heated room, and the avenger was gone.

No interference upon our part could have saved the man from his fate, but, as the woman poured bullet after bullet into Milverton's shrinking body I was about to spring out, when I felt Holmes's cold, strong grasp upon my wrist. I understood the whole argument of that firm, restraining grip -- that it was no affair of ours, that justice had overtaken a villain, that we had our own duties and our own objects, which were not to be lost sight of. But hardly had the woman rushed from the room when Holmes, with swift, silent steps, was over at the other door. He turned the key in the lock. At the same instant we heard voices in the house and the sound of hurrying feet. The revolver shots had roused the household. With perfect coolness Holmes slipped across to the safe, filled his two arms with bundles of letters, and poured them all into the fire. Again and again he did it, until the safe was empty. Someone turned the handle and beat upon the outside of the door. Holmes looked swiftly round. The letter which had been the messenger of death for Milverton lay, all mottled with his blood, upon the table. Holmes tossed it in among the blazing papers. Then he drew the key from the outer door, passed through after me, and locked it on the outside. "This way, Watson," said he, "we can scale the garden wall in this direction."
I could not have believed that an alarm could have spread so swiftly. Looking back, the huge house was one blaze of light. The front door was open, and figures were rushing down the drive. The whole garden was alive with people, and one fellow raised a view-halloa as we emerged from the veranda and followed hard at our heels. Holmes seemed to know the grounds perfectly, and he threaded his way swiftly among a plantation of small trees, I close at his heels, and our foremost pursuer panting behind us. It was a six-foot wall which barred our path, but he sprang to the top and over. As I did the same I felt the hand of the man behind me grab at my ankle, but I kicked myself free and scrambled over a grass-strewn coping. I fell upon my face among some bushes, but Holmes had me on my feet in an instant, and together we dashed away across the huge expanse of Hampstead Heath. We had run two miles, I suppose, before Holmes at last halted and listened intently. All was absolute silence behind us. We had shaken off our pursuers and were safe.

We had breakfasted and were smoking our morning pipe on the day after the remarkable experience which I have recorded, when Mr. Lestrade, of Scotland Yard, very solemn and impressive, was ushered into our modest sitting-room.

"Good-morning, Mr. Holmes," said he; "good-morning. May I ask if you are very busy just now?"

"Not too busy to listen to you."

"I thought that, perhaps, if you had nothing particular on hand, you might care to assist us in a most remarkable case, which occurred only last night at Hampstead."

"Dear me!" said Holmes. "What was that?"

"A murder -- a most dramatic and remarkable murder. I know how keen you are upon these things, and I would take it as a great favour if you would step down to Appledore Towers, and give us the benefit of your advice. It is no ordinary crime. We have had our eyes upon this Mr. Milverton for some time, and, between ourselves, he was a bit of a villain. He is known to have held papers which he used for blackmailing purposes. These papers have all been burned by the murderers. No article of value was taken, as it is probable that the criminals were men of good position, whose sole object was to prevent social exposure."
"Criminals?" said Holmes. "Plural?"

"Yes, there were two of them. They were as nearly as possible captured red-handed. We have their footmarks, we have their description, it's ten to one that we trace them. The first fellow was a bit too active, but the second was caught by the under-gardener, and only got away after a struggle. He was a middle-sized, strongly built man -- square jaw, thick neck, moustache, a mask over his eyes."

"That's rather vague," said Sherlock Holmes. "My, it might be a description of Watson!"

"It's true," said the inspector, with amusement. "It might be a description of Watson."

"Well, I'm afraid I can't help you, Lestrade," said Holmes. "The fact is that I knew this fellow Milverton, that I considered him one of the most dangerous men in London, and that I think there are certain crimes which the law cannot touch, and which therefore, to some extent, justify private revenge. No, it's no use arguing. I have made up my mind. My sympathies are with the criminals rather than with the victim, and I will not handle this case."

Holmes had not said one word to me about the tragedy which we had witnessed, but I observed all the morning that he was in his most thoughtful mood, and he gave me the impression, from his vacant eyes and his abstracted manner, of a man who is striving to recall something to his memory. We were in the middle of our lunch, when he suddenly sprang to his feet. "By Jove, Watson, I've got it!" he cried. "Take your hat! Come with me!" He hurried at his top speed down Baker Street and along Oxford Street, until we had almost reached Regent Circus. Here, on the left hand, there stands a shop window filled with photographs of the celebrities and beauties of the day. Holmes's eyes fixed themselves upon one of them, and following his gaze I saw the picture of a regal and stately lady in Court dress, with a high diamond tiara upon her noble head. I looked at that delicately curved nose, at the marked eyebrows, at the straight mouth, and the strong little chin beneath it. Then I caught my breath as I read the time-honoured title of the great nobleman and statesman whose wife she had been. My eyes met those of Holmes, and he put his finger to his lips as we turned away from the window.

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domingo, 31 de julio de 2022

Many more, a lot more y Much more. Usos en inglés

Many more, a lot more y Much more. Usos en inglés

Gramática Inglesa - English Grammar - Recursos Educativos en inglés

En inglés decimos "much more" para decir "mucho más". También podemos decir "a lot more". Ambas expresiones son correctas.

Sin embargo, a veces diremos "many more" en lugar de "Much more". El significado es el mismo, pero "many more" se utiliza cuando se habla de un sustantivo contable, mientras que "much more" se utiliza con un sustantivo incontable.

Para explicarlo rápidamente, los incontables son sustantivos que no se pueden contar (como el agua, por ejemplo), mientras que los contables son sustantivos que se pueden contar (como las manzanas, por ejemplo). Te invito a que leas las diferencias entre much y many. Y también Nombres contables e incontables en inglés.

Por ejemplo:

There is much more coffe.
There are many more bananas.

Por otro lado, "a lot more" puede utilizarse tanto para sustantivos contables como incontables.

There is a lot more coffe.
There are a lot more bananas.

Very much

Probablemente conozca la expresión "thank you very much". Así que ya sabes que podemos decir "very much" para decir "mucho". Pero si queremos decir "mucho más", entonces será diferente. Como hemos visto anteriormente, tenemos que decir "much more" o "a lot more" para decir "mucho más".

Recuerda

Recuerda que el error que hay que evitar al decir "mucho más" es decir "very more". Así No se dice en inglés.

  • Much more - mucho más (incontable).
  • Many more - mucho más (contable).
  • A lot more - mucho más (contable e incontable).
  • Very much - Mucho

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¿Cómo aprender inglés fácil y desde casa?

¿Cómo aprender inglés fácil y rápido?

¿Cómo aprender inglés, fácilmente y de forma eficaz?

Adoptar la actitud correcta

Podrás progresar y alcanzar un nivel excepcional, pero siempre habrá cosas nuevas que aprender. Siempre tendrás que trabajar el inglés y mantenerlo. En realidad, nunca se detendrá. ¡Eso es lo que lo hace emocionante!

Establecer el objetivo correcto

Así que, para ser eficaz ahora, empieza por definir tu objetivo actual. ¿Qué nivel quiere alcanzar?

Uno de los objetivos más comunes es: Alcanzar un nivel de conversación fluido, y no tener miedo a hablar en inglés nunca más.

Es un gran ejemplo de objetivo para empezar. ¿Cuál es el tuyo?

Ten en cuenta que la segunda parte de este objetivo no está directamente relacionada con tu nivel. Se trata más bien del miedo inconsciente a cometer errores y pasar vergüenza.

Pasión, entusiasmo y práctica, el disparador para aprender inglés

Una de las mejores formas de progresar en inglés es viajar al extranjero. El viaje da el impulso para hacer del inglés una pasión. También descubrir autores fascinantes de habla inglesa. Esto te obliga a leer en ese idioma. Luego viajar, vivir y trabajar en Inglaterra. Eso ayuda a mejorar aún más. Pero el detonante puede ser la pasión que despierta ese primer viaje.

No te preocupes, la pasión, el entusiasmo y la práctica es posible sin necesidad de viajar y te explico cómo.

Las tres claves para progresar rápidamente en inglés

1) La primera clave es forzar a tu cerebro a pensar en inglés, y estar en contacto con el idioma que estás aprendiendo cada día, cada semana. Si estás en la fase de aprendizaje, y quieres progresar rápidamente, te recomiendo de 3 a 4 horas semanales en contacto con el inglés. No necesariamente 4 horas de trabajo duro, pero al menos algún contacto: una conversación, una película, un libro, etc. Conoce a gente inglesa, piensa en inglés, lee en inglés, canta en inglés, ve películas, descubre la cultura de los países de habla inglesa que más te interesan.

⇒ Letras de Canciones en Inglés - Lyrics

2) La segunda clave es seguir tus pasiones e intereses.

Apasionarse por el inglés, pero también por los temas que vas a seguir en inglés. Ver películas de los directores que te gustan, con tus actores favoritos. Lee a los autores que te gustan. Sigue blogs, periódicos, podcasts, foros, sobre tus intereses.

Sea cual sea tu interés, si lees, escuchas, escribes en foros sobre temas que te gustan, ¡será mucho más fácil!

3) La tercera clave es darse los medios para conseguirlo.

Empieza ahora, y date 3 o 4 meses para progresar. Puede parecer mucho tiempo, pero en realidad es rápido. Si lo haces, tu progreso será fenomenal. Sin embargo, no se trata de ir a por todas una semana y dejar de hacerlo la siguiente. Busca la mejora continua, trabajando un poco, pero regularmente, cada semana, durante un mínimo de 3 a 4 meses para empezar.
Lo ideal es que le cojas el tranquillo y luego se convierta en algo normal y continúes.
También puedes hacer un pequeño plan de clases personal, anotando las nociones que te gustaría aprender.

Cómo aprender inglés fácilmente - ¿Cómo se ponen en práctica estas tres claves para un aprendizaje eficaz del inglés?

Organizar el entorno para estar en contacto con el inglés todos los días de forma automática

La idea es que utilices la motivación del principio para establecer hábitos que se mantengan, incluso cuando la motivación del principio se haya apagado. Puedes poner el inglés en todas partes de tu vida, de modo que tu cerebro se bañe en el idioma automáticamente, y por tanto sin esfuerzo.

Por ejemplo, ¿sabías que puedes cambiar la configuración de tu cuenta de tus redes sociales para que se muestren en inglés? Es muy fácil, sólo tienes que seleccionarlo en los ajustes. Puedes hacer lo mismo con tu teléfono móvil o tablet, ordenador, videojuegos. Otra idea que pondrá el inglés en tus oídos: Pon una emisora de radio en inglés.

Al principio, esto te obligará a rebuscar en el diccionario para entenderlo todo, ¡pero merece la pena! No te desanimes, si al principio te parece pesado, pronto te acostumbrarás.

Piensa en inglés

Intenta también pensar y hablar contigo mismo en inglés. Todo lo que se te ocurra en tu vida diaria, intenta pensarlo en inglés. Esto puede parecer difícil al principio. Tu pensamiento será más básico en la nueva lengua, porque la domina menos que tu lengua materna. El lenguaje será menos preciso, menos evolucionado, menos matizado. Bueno, ¡qué pena! Hay que mantener el entusiasmo de un principiante, como un niño que descubre y se divierte.

Leer libros y cómics en inglés

¿Hay algún autor de habla inglesa que te guste especialmente? ¿Ken Follett? ¿Arthur Conan Doyle? ¿J.K. Rowling? ¡Léelo directamente en inglés! ⇒ Aquí encontrarás "libros en inglés" para comprar.

Visita también nuestro apartado de Cuentos en Inglés - Stories in English tenemos cientos de historias.

Piensa también en las librerías o bibliotecas. La mayoría tiene estanterías enteras de libros en inglés. Vale la pena.

No te olvides de leer cómics. La ventaja del cómic es que las imágenes facilitan la comprensión. Si eres un fanático, ¡adelante!

Lee y aprende sobre la cultura del país que te interesa. Descubre las costumbres, los hábitos, los deportes nacionales, las fiestas, etc. Es una forma esencial de abrirse a la cultura y entender la forma de pensar de quienes hablan la lengua que estás aprendiendo.

Películas y series en VO

La gran pregunta con las películas y series en VO es si hay que poner subtítulos, y si es así, en qué idioma.

Lo mejor es poner subtítulos para poder entender lo máximo posible. Si no puedes entender nada sin los subtítulos, ponlos. Al principio, siempre será más positivo que no hacer nada. Siempre puedes volver a ver la película o la serie, cambiando el idioma de los subtítulos, e incluso de nuevo sin subtítulos, si puedes hacerlo. Lo importante es hacerlo según tu nivel. Si no entiendes nada, será menos efectivo que si pones los subtítulos. También puede mirar canales de tv ingleses.

Podcasts

Los podcasts son imprescindibles para escuchar inglés todos los días. Hay muchos podcasts en inglés sobre todos los temas, política, historia, cultura, desarrollo personal, deportes, ¡incluso clases de inglés! Haz una búsqueda según tus pasiones y suscríbete. La mayoría de ellos son gratuitos.

Canales de Youtube en inglés

Hay muchos. Suscríbete a los que coinciden con tus intereses. 

Periódicos ingleses

Si le gustan ciertos periódicos, puede leer los artículos directamente en los sitios web de estos periódicos. Por ejemplo, el New York Times,  la revista Time, etc. Si tiene un lector electrónico Kindle (o de cualquier otra marca), puede recibir los artículos de los periódicos que te interesan, de forma gratuita, directamente en tu lector electrónico.

Cocinar

Otra idea original: leer recetas en inglés. Cocinar nuevos platos. Especialidades de otros lugares. Tenemos una sección con recetas de cocina

Haz un curso

¡Se puede tener éxito sin tomar una clase, sin embargo, es una verdadera ayuda! Te dará un marco de trabajo y te hará progresar más rápido. Ahorrarás tiempo, se orientará directamente sobre las nociones útiles para aprender, mantendrá tu motivación a largo plazo. En resumen, con un curso, es más fácil.

Los cursos están dirigidos a todos los niveles y a diferentes problemas de aprendizaje (acento, vocabulario, comprensión, etc.).

Pero sea cual sea el curso que elijas, asegúrate de que lo disfrutas y te entusiasma.

¿Hay que estudiar gramática?

La gramática es útil, hay que saber un mínimo para entender cómo funciona la lengua y saber utilizarla correctamente.

Habla con ingleses

Si puedes conocer a personas de habla inglesa, es genial.

Si no puedes conocer a personas de habla inglesa, busca a alguien que quiera aprender inglés contigo o que ya lo hable. Puedes hablar en inglés regularmente con esta persona y motivaros mutuamente para progresar.

Si tienes amigos en tu círculo que hablan varios idiomas, sal con ellos. Hazles preguntas, pídeles que hablen un poco de inglés contigo.

Planificar un viaje

Si puedes, planifica un viaje o dos durante el año Reino Unido. Te motivará y te ayudará a mejorar.

También hay organizaciones que ofrecen estancias con ingleses.

Supera tu miedo a hablar en inglés y mejora tu pronunciación. Concéntrate en ser entendido, antes de tener un acento perfecto.

¡No te avergüences! Puedes hablar inglés de verdad, sin dominar todo al 100%. Del mismo modo, tu acento no debe ser un obstáculo. Si esperas a pronunciar como un nativo antes de empezar a hablar, tardarás mucho más tiempo y te complicarás las cosas. Pronunciar como un nativo es un gran objetivo, pero no esperes a alcanzarlo para empezar a hablar.

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  • Many more, a lot more y Much more. Usos en inglés
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  • DO y MAKE en inglés ¿Cuáles son las diferencias?
  • Cuándo usar Since, For, Ago: ¿Cuáles son las diferencias?
  • The Gerund - El gerundio en inglés
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  • Preguntas con WH-Questions 02 - When, Which, Whose, How
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  • Present Perfect Progressive - Presente perfecto progresivo
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  • Presente continuo - Forma Interrogativa
  • Cómo Preguntar y decir el precio en inglés

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sábado, 30 de julio de 2022

The Devoted Friend - Oscar Wilde

devoted friend

Recursos Educativos en Inglés - Stories in English - Cuentos clásicos en Inglés

The Devoted Friend - Oscar Wilde - El amigo fiel, en inglés

One morning the old Water-rat put his head out of his hole. He had bright beady eyes and stiff grey whiskers, and his tail was like a long bit of black india-rubber. The little ducks were swimming about in the pond, looking just like a lot of yellow canaries, and their mother, who was pure white with real red legs, was trying to teach them how to stand on their heads in the water.

     'You will never be in the best society unless you can stand on your heads,' she kept saying to them; and every now and then she showed them how it was done. But the little ducks paid no attention to her. They were so young that they did not know what an advantage it is to be in society at all.

     'What disobedient children!' cried the old Water-rat; 'they really deserve to be drowned.'

     'Nothing of the kind,' answered the Duck, 'every one must make a beginning, and parents cannot be too patient.'

     'Ah! I know nothing about the feelings of parents,' said the Water-rat; 'I am not a family man. In fact, I have never been married, and I never intend to be. Love is all very well in its way, but friendship is much higher. Indeed, I know of nothing in the world that is either nobler or rarer than a devoted friendship.'

     'And what, pray, is your idea of the duties of a devoted friend?' asked a Green Linnet, who was sitting in a willow-tree hard by, and had overheard the conversation.

     'Yes, that is just what I want to know,' said the Duck, and she swam away to the end of the pond, and stood upon her head, in order to give her children a good example.

     'What a silly question!' cried the Water-rat. 'I should expect my devoted friend to be devoted to me, of course.'

     'And what would you do in return?' said the little bird, swinging upon a silver spray, and flapping his tiny wings.

 'I don't understand you,' answered the Water-rat.

     'Let me tell you a story on the subject,' said the Linnet.

     'Is the story about me?' asked the Water-rat. If so, I will listen to it, for I am extremely fond of fiction.'

     'It is applicable to you,' answered the Linnet; and he flew down, and alighting upon the bank, he told the story of The Devoted Friend.

     'Once upon a time,' said the Linnet, 'there was an honest little fellow named Hans.'

     'Was he very distinguished?' asked the Water-rat.

     'No,' answered the Linnet, 'I don't think he was distinguished at all, except for his kind heart, and his funny round good-humoured face. He lived in a tiny cottage all by himself, and every day he worked in his garden. In all the country-side there was no garden so lovely as his. Sweet-william grew there, and Gilly-flowers, and Shepherds'-purses, and Fair-maids of France. There were damask Roses, and yellow Roses, lilac Crocuses, and gold, purple Violets and white. Columbine and Ladysmock, Marjoram and Wild Basil, the Cowslip and the Flower-de-luce, the Daffodil and the Clove-Pink bloomed or blossomed in their proper order as the months went by, one flower taking another flower's place, so that there were always beautiful things to look at, and pleasant odours to smell.

     'Little Hans had a great many friends, but the most devoted friend of all was big Hugh the Miller. Indeed, so devoted was the rich Miller to little Hans, that he [Hans] would never go by his garden without leaning over the wall and plucking a large nosegay, or a handful of sweet herbs, or filling his pockets with plums and cherries if it was the fruit season.

     “Real friends should have everything in common," the Miller used to say, and little Hans nodded and smiled, and felt very proud of having a friend with such noble ideas.

     'Sometimes, indeed, the neighbours thought it strange that the rich Miller never gave little Hans anything in return, though he had a hundred sacks of flour stored away in his mill, and six milk cows, and a large stock of woolly sheep; but Hans never troubled his head about these things, and nothing gave him greater pleasure than to listen to all the wonderful things the Miller used to say about the unselfishness of true friendship.

  'So little Hans worked away in his garden. During the spring, the summer, and the autumn he was very happy, but when the winter came, and he had no fruit or flowers to bring to the market, he suffered a good deal from cold and hunger, and often had to go to bed without any supper but a few dried pears or some hard nuts. Jn the winter, also, he was extremely lonely, as the Miller never came to see him then.

     “There is no good in my going to see little Hans as long as the snow lasts," the Miller used to say to his wife, "for when people are in trouble they should be left alone, and not be bothered by visitors. That at least is my idea about friendship, and I am sure I am right. So I shall wait till the spring comes, and then I shall pay him a visit, and he will be able to give me a large basket of primroses, and that will make him so happy."

     "You are certainly very thoughtful about others," answered the Wife, as she sat in her comfortable armchair by the big pinewood fire; "very thoughtful indeed. It is quite a treat to hear you talk about friendship. I am sure the clergyman himself could not say such beautiful things as you do, though he does live in a three-storied house, and wears a gold ring on his little finger."

     "But could We not ask little Hans up here?" said the Miller's youngest son. "If poor Hans is in trouble I will give him half my porridge, and show him my white rabbits."

     "What a silly boy you are!" cried the Miller; "I really don't know what is the use of sending you to school. You seem not to learn anything. Why, if little Hans came up here, and saw our warm fire, and our good supper, and our great cask of red wine, he might get envious, and envy is a most terrible thing, and would spoil anybody's nature. I certainly will not allow Hans's nature to be spoiled. I am his best friend, and I will always watch over him, and see that he is not led into any temptations. Besides, if Hans came here, he might ask me to let him have some flour on credit, and that I could not do. Flour is one thing, and friendship is another, and they should not be confused. Why, the words are spelt differently, and mean quite different things. Everybody can see that."

 "How well you talk!" said the Miller's Wife, pouring herself out a large glass of warm ale; "really I feel quite drowsy. It is just like being in church."

     "Lots of people act well," answered the Miller; "but very few people talk well, which shows that talking is much the more difficult thing of the two, and much the finer thing also;" and he looked sternly across the table at his little son, who felt so ashamed of himself that he hung his head down, and grew quite scarlet, and began to cry into his tea. However, he was so young that you must excuse him.'

     'Is that the end of the story?' asked the Water-rat.

     'Certainly not,' answered the Linnet, that is the beginning.

     'Then you are quite behind the age,' said the Water-rat. 'Every good story-teller nowadays starts with the end, and then goes on to the beginning, and concludes with the middle. That is the new method. I heard all about it the other day from a critic who was walking round the pond with a young man. He spoke of the matter at great length, and I am sure he must have been right, for he had blue spectacles and a bald head, and whenever the young man made any remark, he always answered "Pooh!" But pray go on with your story. I like the Miller immensely. I have all kinds of beautiful sentiments myself, so there is a great sympathy between us.

     'Well,' said the Linnet, hopping now on one leg and now on the other, 'as soon as the winter was over, and the primroses began to open their pale yellow stars, the Miller said to his wife that he would go down and see little Hans.

     "Why, what a good heart you have!" cried his wife; "you are always thinking of others. And mind you take the big basket with you for the flowers."

     'So the Miller tied the sails of the windmill together with a strong iron chain, and went down the hill with the basket on his arm.

"Good morning, little Hans," said the Miller.

     “Good morning," said Hans, leaning on his spade, and smiling from ear to ear.

     “And how have you been all the winter?" said the Miller. "Well, really," cried Hans, "it is very good of you to ask, very good indeed. I am afraid I had rather a hard time of it, but now the spring has come, and I am quite happy, and all my flowers are doing well."

     "We often talked of you during the winter, Hans," said the Miller, "and wondered how you were getting on."

     "That was kind of you," said Hans; "I was half afraid you had forgotten me."

     "Hans, I am surprised at you," said the Miller; "friendship never forgets. That is the wonderful thing about it, but I am afraid you don't understand the poetry of life. How lovely your primroses are looking, by-the-by!"

     "They are certainly very lovely," said Hans, "and it is a most lucky thing for me that I have so many. I am going to bring them into the market and sell them to the Burgomaster's daughter, and buy back my wheelbarrow with the money."

     "Buy back your wheelbarrow? You don't mean to say you have sold it? What a very stupid thing to do!"

     "Well, the fact is," said Hans, "that I was obliged to. You see the winter was a very bad time for me, and I really had no money at all to buy bread with. So I first sold the silver buttons off my Sunday coat, and then I sold my silver chain, and then I sold my big pipe, and at last I sold my wheelbarrow. But I am going to buy them all back again now."

     "Hans," said the Miller, "I will give you my wheelbarrow. It is not in very good repair; indeed, one side is gone, and there is something wrong with the wheel-spokes; but in spite of that I will give it to you. I know it is very generous of me, and a great many people would think me extremely foolish for parting with it, but I am not like the rest of the world. I think that generosity is the essence of friendship, and, besides, I have got a new wheelbarrow for myself. Yes, you may set your mind at ease, I will give you my wheelbarrow."

“Well, really, that is generous of you," said little Hans, and his funny round face glowed all over with pleasure. "I can easily put it in repair, as I have a plank of wood in the house."

     “A plank of wood" said the Miller; "why, that is just what I want for the roof of my barn. There is a very large hole in it, and the corn will all get damp if I don't stop it up. How lucky you mentioned it! It is quite remarkable how one good action always breeds another. I have given you my wheelbarrow, and now you are going to give me your plank. Of course, the wheelbarrow is worth far more than the plank, but true friendship never notices things like that. Pray get it at once, and I will set to work at my barn this very day."

     “Certainly," cried little Hans, and he ran into the shed and dragged the plank out.

     “It is not a very big plank," said the Miller, looking at it, "and I am afraid that after I have mended my barn-roof there won't be any left for you to mend the wheelbarrow with; but, of course, that is not my fault. And now, as I have given you my wheelbarrow, I am sure you would like to give me some flowers in return. Here is the basket, and mind you fill it quite full."

     “Quite full?" said little Hans, rather sorrowfully, for it was really a very big basket, and he knew that if he filled it he would have no flowers left for the market, and he was very anxious to get his silver buttons back.

     “Well, really," answered the Miller, "as I have given you my wheelbarrow, I don't think that it is much to ask you for a few flowers. I may be wrong, but I should have thought that friendship, true friendship, was quite free from selfishness of any kind."

     “My dear friend, my best friend," cried little Hans, "you are welcome to all the flowers in my garden. I would much sooner have your good opinion than my silver buttons, any day;" and he ran and plucked all his pretty primroses, and filled the Miller's basket.

     “Good-bye, little Hans," said the Miller, as he went up the hill with the plank on his shoulder, and the big basket in his hand.

     “Good-bye," said little Hans, and he began to dig away quite merrily, he was so pleased about the wheelbarrow.

     'The next day he was nailing up some honeysuckle against the porch, when he heard the Miller's voice calling to him from the road. So he jumped off the ladder, and ran down the garden, and looked over the wall.

     'There was the Miller with a large sack of flour on his back.

     “Dear little Hans," said the Miller, "would you mind carrying this sack of flour for me to market?"

     “Oh, I am so sorry," said Hans,"but I am really very busy to-day. I have got all my creepers to nail up, and all my flowers to water, and all my grass to roll."

     “Well, really," said the Miller, "I think that, considering that I am going to give you my wheelbarrow, it is rather unfriendly of you to refuse."

     “Oh, don't say that," cried little Hans, "I wouldn't be unfriendly for the whole world;" and he ran in for his cap, and trudged off with the big sack on his shoulders.

     'It was a very hot day, and the road was terribly dusty, and before Hans had reached the sixth milestone he was so tired that he had to sit down and rest. However, he went on bravely, and at last he reached the market. After he had waited there some time, he sold the sack of flour for a very good price, and then he returned home at once, for he was afraid that if he stopped too late he might meet some robbers on the way.

     "It has certainly been a hard day," said little Hans to himself as he was going to bed, "but I am glad I did not refuse the Miller, for he is my best friend, and, besides, he is going to give me his wheelbarrow."

 'Early the next morning the Miller came down to get the money for his sack of flour, but little Hans was so tired that he was still in bed.

     “Upon my word," said the Miller, "you are very lazy. Really, considering that I am going to give you my wheelbarrow, I think you might work harder. Idleness is a great sin, and I certainly don't like any of my friends to be idle or sluggish. You must not mind my speaking quite plainly to you. Of course I should not dream of doing so if I were not your friend. But what is the good of friendship if one cannot say exactly what one means? Anybody can say charming things and try to please and to flatter, but a true friend always says unpleasant things, and does not mind giving pain. Indeed, if he is a really true friend he prefers it, for he knows that then he is doing good."

     “I am very sorry," said little Hans, rubbing his eyes and pulling off his night-cap, "but I was so tired that I thought I would lie in bed for a little time, and listen to the birds singing. Do you know that I always work better after hearing the birds sing?"

     “Well, I am glad of that," said the Miller, clapping little Hans on the back, "for I want you to come up to the mill as soon as you are dressed, and mend my barn-roof for me."

     'Poor little Hans was very anxious to go and work in his garden, for his flowers had not been watered for two days, but he did not like to refuse the Miller, as he was such a good friend to him.

     “Do you think it would be unfriendly of me if I said I was busy?" he inquired in a shy and timid voice.

     “Well, really," answered the Miller, "I do not think it is much to ask of you, considering that I am going to give you my wheelbarrow; but of course if you refuse I will go and do it myself."

     “Oh! on no account," cried little Hans; and he jumped out of bed, and dressed himself, and went up to the barn.

     'He worked there all day long, till sunset, and at sunset the Miller came to see how he was getting on.

     “Have you mended the hole in the roof yet, little Hans?" cried the Miller in a cheery voice.

     “It is quite mended," answered little Hans, coming down the ladder.

     “Ah!" said the Miller, "there is no work so delightful as the work one does for others."

     “It is certainly a great privilege to hear you talk," answered little Hans, sitting down and wiping his forehead, "a very great privilege. But I am afraid I shall never have such beautiful ideas as you have."

     “Oh! they will come to you," said the Miller, "but you must take more pains. At present you have only the practice of friendship; some day you will have the theory also."

     “Do you really think I shall?" asked little Hans.

     “I have no doubt of it," answered the Miller; "but now that you have mended the roof, you had better go home and rest, for I want you to drive my sheep to the mountain to-morrow."

     'Poor little Hans was afraid to say anything to this, and early the next morning the Miller brought his sheep round to the cottage, and Hans started off with them to the mountain. It took him the whole day to get there and back; and when he returned he was so tired that he went off to sleep in his chair, and did not wake up till it was broad daylight.

     “What a delightful time I shall have in my garden," he said, and he went to work at once.

     'But somehow he was never able to look after his flowers at all, for his friend the Miller was always coming round and sending him off on long errands, or getting him to help at the mill. Little Hans was very much distressed at times, as he was afraid his flowers would think he had forgotten them, but he consoled himself by the reflection that the Miller was his best friend. "Besides," he used to say, "he is going to give me his wheelbarrow, and that is an act of pure generosity."

'So little Hans worked away for the Miller, and the Miller said all kinds of beautiful things about friendship, which Hans took down in a note-book, and used to read over at night, for he was a very good scholar.

     'Now it happened that one evening little Hans was sitting by his fireside when a loud rap came at the door. It was a very wild night, and the wind was blowing and roaring round the house so terribly that at first he thought it was merely the storm. But a second rap came, and then a third, louder than either of the others.

     “It is some poor traveller," said little Hans to himself, and he ran to the door.

     'There stood the Miller with a lantern in one hand and a big stick in the other.

     “Dear little Hans," cried the Miller, "I am in great trouble. My little boy has fallen off a ladder and hurt himself, and I am going for the Doctor. But he lives so far away, and it is such a bad night, that it has just occurred to me that it would be much better if you went instead of me. You know I am going to give you my wheelbarrow, and so it is only fair that you should do something for me in return."

     “Certainly," cried little Hans, "I take it quite as a compliment your coming to me, and I will start off at once. But you must lend me your lantern, as the night is so dark that I am afraid I might fall into the ditch."

     “I am very sorry," answered the Miller, "but it is my new lantern, and it would be a great loss to me if anything happened to it."

     “Well, never mind, I will do without it," cried little Hans, and he took down his great fur coat, and his warm scarlet cap, and tied a muffler round his throat, and started off.

  'What a dreadful storm it was! The night was so black that little Hans could hardly see, and the wind was so strong that he could scarcely stand. However, he was very courageous, and after he had been walking about three hours, he arrived at the Doctor's house, and knocked at the door.

     “Who is there?"' cried the Doctor, putting his head out of his bedroom window.

     “Little Hans, Doctor."

     “What do you want, little Hans?"

     “The Miller's son has fallen from a ladder, and has hurt himself, and the Miller wants you to come at once."

     “All right!" said the Doctor; and he ordered his horse, and his big boots, and his lantern, and came downstairs, and rode off in the direction of the Miller's house, little Hans trudging behind him.

     'But the storm grew worse and worse, and the rain fell in torrents, and little Hans could not see where he was going, or keep up with the horse. At last he lost his way, and wandered off on the moor, which was a very dangerous place, as it was full of deep holes, and there poor little Hans was drowned. His body was found the next day by some goatherds, floating in a great pool of water, and was brought back by them to the cottage. 'Everybody went to little Hans's funeral, as he was so popular, and the Miller was the chief mourner.

     “As I was his best friend," said the Miller, "it is only fair that I should have the best place;" so he walked at the head of the procession in a long black cloak, and every now and then he wiped his eyes with a big pocket-handkerchief.

     “Little Hans is certainly a great loss to every one," said the Blacksmith, when the funeral was over, and they were all seated comfortably in the inn, drinking spiced wine and eating sweet cakes.

     “A great loss to me at any rate," answered the Miller; "why, I had as good as given him my wheelbarrow, and now I really don't know what to do with it. It is very much in my way at home, and it is in such bad repair that I could not get anything for it if I sold it. I will certainly take care not to give away anything again. One always suffers for being generous."

 'Well?' said the Water-rat, after a long pause. 'Well, that is the end,' said the Linnet.

     'But what became of the Miller?' asked the Water-rat. 'Oh! I really don't know,' replied the Linnet, 'and I am sure that I don't care.'

     'It is quite evident then that you have no sympathy in your nature,' said the Water-rat.

     'I am afraid you don't quite see the moral of the story,' remarked the Linnet.

     'The what?' screamed the Water-rat.

     'The moral.'

     'Do you mean to say that the story has a moral?'

     'Certainly,' said the Linnet.

     'Well, really,' said the Water-rat, in a very angry manner, 'I think you should have told me that before you began. If you had done so, I certainly would not have listened to you; in fact, I should have said "Pooh," like the critic. However, I can say it now;' so he shouted out 'Pooh' at the top of his voice, gave a whisk with his tail, and went back into his hole.

     'And how do you like the Water-rat?' asked the Duck, who came paddling up some minutes afterwards. 'He has a great many good points, but for my own part I have a mother's feelings, and I can never look at a confirmed bachelor without the tears coming into my eyes.'

     'I am rather afraid that I have annoyed him,' answered the Linnet. 'The fact is, that I told him a story with a moral.

     'Ah! that is always a very dangerous thing to do,' said the Duck.

     And I quite agree with her.

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International Friendship Day - July 30

International Friendship Day

They say that he who has a friend has a treasure. International Friendship Day is a day to appreciate and promote friendships wherever they come from. The day is celebrated around the world on 30 July and aims to foster friendship between nations, countries, cultures and individuals, as well as to inspire world peace and build bridges between different communities.

Why is International Friendship Day celebrated?

International Friendship Day was made an international day by the United Nations on 27 April 2011 in order to counter major world problems such as violence and poverty and to promote solidarity.

It is a day of great significance because friendship requires empathy, compassion and concern for other people. By valuing and celebrating friendship, we foster these characteristics and adopt a more selfless and appreciative view of life.

In all communities, International Friendship Day can help build and strengthen relationships despite cultural differences. This day can help build a more pleasant and peaceful world through the selfless feeling that is friendship.

In 2011, the United Nations (UN) proclaimed 30 July as International Friendship Day to celebrate the value of friendship and its ability to bring out the best in the human spirit. It is worth noting that this day was previously commemorated in many countries around the world, but the UN General Assembly decided to unify this date which came about "with the idea that friendship between peoples, countries, cultures and individuals can inspire peace initiatives and presents an opportunity to build bridges between communities".

Quotes to dedicate this Friendship Day

Love can disappear from your life in an instant, but your good friendships will last forever.

A true friend is always there when a false friend leaves. A friend is one who knows everything about you and loves you in every way.

A friend like you is hard to find, easy to love and hard to forget. If life gave me one wish, I would wish to meet you again.

Friends are like stars... the darker the sky, the brighter it shines for you.

A human being's greatest wealth is measured by the friends he or she has.

Customs

There are many ways to celebrate Friendship Day. While in some countries there are big parties and meals, in others, such as Spain, the concept of friendship is simply used as an excuse to give gifts.

Men and women of all ages and cultures, but especially young people, are involved in making handmade gifts, writing greeting cards and organising games and activities.

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